The Value Of A Jury System Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Value Of A Jury System Persuasive Essay The Value of a Jury SystemThe Founders of our country comprehended that no thought was increasingly key to our Bill of Rights in reality, to administration of the individuals, by the individuals, and for the individuals than the resident jury. It was esteemed as a rampart against oppression as well as a fundamental methods for teaching Americans in the propensities and obligations of citizenship. By ordering the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments to the Constitution, the Framers looked to introduce the privilege to preliminary by jury as a foundation of a free society. The Framers of the Constitution felt that juries since they were made out of common residents and on the grounds that they owed no monetary faithfulness to the legislature were basic to obstructing the overabundances of amazing and enthusiastic government authorities. The jury preliminary was the main right expressly remembered for every one of the state constitutions contrived somewhere in the range of 1776 and 1789 . What's more, the criminal jury was one of not many rights unequivocally referenced in the first government constitution proposed by the Philadelphia Convention. Enemies of federalists griped that the proposed constitution didn't go far enough in securing juries, and federalists in the end reacted by ordering three sacred changes ensuring terrific, petit, and common juries. The requirement for juries was particularly intense in criminal cases: A terrific jury could obstruct any indictment it regarded unwarranted or noxious, and a petit jury could similarly intervene itself in the interest of a litigant charged unjustifiably. The acclaimed Zenger case during the 1730s sensationalized the libertarian favorable circumstances of juries . At the point when New Yorks illustrious government looked to smother its paper pundits through criminal arraignment, New York fabulous juries wouldn't prosecute, and a petit jury broadly wouldn't convict . We will compose a custom article on The Value Of A Jury System Persuasive explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In any case, the Founders vision of the jury went a long ways past simply ensuring respondents. The jurys equitable job was interlaced with different thoughts revered in the Bill of Rights, including free discourse and resident volunteer armies. The jury was a basic law based organization since it was a methods by which residents could participate in self-government. No place else not even in the democratic corner must Americans meet up face to face to consider over crucial issues of equity . Legal hearers face a serious commitment to disregard individual contrasts and preferences to decently regulate the law and do equity. As the incredible student of history of against federalist thought, Herbert Storing, put it, The inquiry was not in a general sense whether the absence of sufficient arrangement for jury preliminary would debilitate a conventional defense of individual rights (in spite of the fact that that was additionally included) however whether it would lethally debilitate th e job of the individuals in the organization of government . Maybe most significant was the jurys instructive crucial. Through the jury, residents would learn self-government by doing it. In the expressions of Alexis de Tocqueville, The jury is both the best method of building up the people groups rule and the best method of showing them how to lead . This learning, obviously, would extend to other political action. As Tocqueville clarified: Juries, particularly affable juries, ingrain a portion of the propensities for the legal psyche into each resident, and simply those propensities are the absolute best method of getting ready individuals to be free . They cause all men to feel that they have obligations toward society and that they take an offer in its legislature. By making men give more consideration to things other than their own issues, they battle that singular self-centeredness which resembles rust in the public arena . The jury ought to be viewed as a free school which is consistently open and in which every legal hearer learns his privileges and is given useful exercises in the law. I imagine that the principle purpose behind the political great feeling of the Americans is their long involvement in juries in common cases . .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .postImageUrl , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:hover , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:visited , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:active { border:0!important; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:active , .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae 94e9fb82e97 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub1b063708c588f5f863ae94e9fb82e97:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Downfall Of Lady Macbeth EssayOnce we perceive how juries fill in as significant roads for well known training and political support, the associations early American spectators drew between jury administration and different methods for political interest particularly casting a ballot bode well. Tocqueville acutely comprehended these linkages: The jury framework as comprehended in America appears to me to be as immediate and outrageous a result of the . . . power

Project Airbus free essay sample

The Airbus A380 venture is one of the most mind boggling tasks to ever occur. An airplane of such enormous size and multifaceted nature would consistently have issues. Despite the fact that issues are constantly foreseen during such a huge venture, the administration associated with this undertaking bungled numerous perspectives. The project’s achievement can be analyzed utilizing many task the board perspectives. This report will break down specifically the territories of venture booking, partner the executives and undertaking administration inside the A380 venture. The venture will likewise be surveyed against venture achievement strategies to investigate its issues and absence of accomplishment. Before the arrival of the A380, it was hailed as an unmatched image of European assembling ability: â€Å"When it takes to the skies, it will convey the shades of our Continent, and our innovative aspirations, to much more prominent heights† (Clark, 2006). This announcement by the French president at the time veiled the issues tormenting the A380 venture. The A380 venture endured numerous misfortunes, many brought about by poor undertaking the executives or fumble. It will be seen that rigid task planning, fumble of partners and deceitful undertaking pioneers all affected cruelly on the accomplishment of the venture. The results of the planning, execution, booking and customer execution paint the undertaking in an unflattering light. Be that as it may, this report will show that regardless of the numerous issues included which included postponements and over planning, this airplane has the potential, and is probably going to turn into a noteworthy flying accomplishment. Chapter by chapter list Cover PagePage 1 Executive SummaryPage 2 1. 0 IntroductionPage 4 1. BackgroundPage 5 2. 0 Project SchedulingPage 6 2. 1 Duration EstimationPage 6 3. 0 Risk ManagementPage 7 4. 0 Stakeholder managementPage 8 4. 1ClientsPage 8 4. 2 Suppliers Page 9 4. 3 CompetitorsPage 9 5. 0 Project LeadershipPage 10 6. 0 Project SuccessPage 11 6. 1 BudgetPage 11 6. 2 Client AcceptancePage 11 6. 3 SchedulePage 11 6. 4 PerformancePage 12 ConclusionPage 13 Reference ListPage 14 1. 0 Introduction Projects are interesting, once forms that are made to complete explicit objectives and destinations. They are significant in aeronautics on account of the intricate idea of the business. Airplane maker Airbus SAS has tried to finish numerous airplane plans and creation since its commencement. A considerable lot of these activities have been an immediate consequence of the opposition with Boeing airplane. Airbus has frequently dedicated its assets into airplane producing ventures which in the past have been considered as triumphs. Albeit huge numbers of those tasks have been considered fruitful, some have confronted challenges. A super task that can be made a decision about risky is the turn of events and assembling of the Airbus A380. In spite of the fact that the A380 is without a doubt viewed as one of the most innovatively propelled business carriers on the planet. It is frequently thought of as a considerable accomplishment of designing and resourcefulness. In spite of this, numerous poor choices inside the undertaking the executives came about in the fruitless rollout of the plane. Task related issues were not tended to accurately and factors, for example, poor venture planning, partner the board, administration and trim of hazard the executives have caused the disappointment of numerous parts of the undertaking. This paper investigations the parts of the A380 venture that caused its challenges, and offers proposals on how these variables could have been executed diversely for more prominent achievement will likewise be distinguished. 1. 1 Background Responding to carrier inclinations for an eco-friendly, ultra-high-limit aircraft, Airbus reported the Airbus A380 in December of 2000 (Casino in the Sky, 2000). The â‚ ¬8. 8 billion task to dispatch the airplane pulled in fifty firm requests from six clients which were required so as to make the undertaking financially reasonable (Pae, 2000). Airbus guaranteed that the A380 would turn into the world’s biggest traveler airplane, ‘a superjumbo fly that will hold 555 travelers and accompany bars and casinos’ (Casino in the Sky, 2000). In spite of the fact that the declaration for the A380 came in 2000, venture determination into a ultra-high-limit carrier started in the late 1980s, where a little gathering of cutting edge Airbus engineers started work stealthily on the improvement of a plane, an airplane that would break the market predominance that Boeing had delighted in earlier decades, particularly in the enormous airplane advertise (Norris, 2005). The primary open sign that the venture was coming up short was the declaration made via Airbus when organization officials made their underlying affirmation of ‘manufacturing troubles’ and expressed its first postponement of the task, at an expense of a half year to the conveyance plan (Clark, 2006). In spite of the fact that the disappointments remembered for the A380 have been credited to conveyance delays, basic issues with venture the executives should likewise convey some fault. 2. 0 Project Scheduling Task booking exhibits the change of venture objectives into a reachable procedure for their fulfillment, and for venture achievement. This point incorporates different perspectives, for example, Networks, Critical Path, Lagging, Crashing and Duration Estimation, which is the following issue being talked about (Pinto, 2013). 2. 1 Duration Estimation Duration estimation is the gauge of the time required to finish exercises. It is the center of time the board in ventures and should be determined with exactness for it to be fruitful. Comparable to the A380 venture, poor span estimation was a major component in the project’s conveyance delays. In 2006, co-leader of the European workers’ advisory group at Airbus, Jean-Francois Knepper, advised columnists Normally you need four to five years from the time you declare the dispatch of another plane until conveyance (Clark, 2006). This announcement might be valid as the A380 was reported in late 2000, and assessed conveyance into administration in mid 2006, a timeframe of a little more than six years. Notwithstanding, this time allotment is generally little for such an unpredictable carrier with 100,000 unique wires, which is 40,000 more than the A340, totalling 530 kilometers long and a fuel framework that is supposed to be ‘three to multiple times more mind boggling than that of the A340’ as indicated by Christopher Slack, Analysis Expert inside Airbus Fuel Systems (Mathswork, 2013; Clark, 2006). For such an unpredictable, new imaginative aircraft, additional time must be given to finish get together and conveyances. This is sponsored up by a delegate of the French specialists association, Force Ouvriere, who expressed that â€Å"Airbus had never fabricated a plane of this multifaceted nature previously, but administrators didn't play it safe of building greater adaptability into the conveyance plan. (Clark, 2006). An overambitious creation timetable for a record breaking superjumbo aircraft was not a smart thought as far as outer partner the board. Airbus utilized experience-driven estimation in a poor way, as the past activities finished by them were not as intricate. A proposal for Airbus would have been to apply possibilities to these estimations for an increasingly practical conveyance time allotment. Another motivation behind why this task has had less accomplishment than anticipated was the poor hazard the executives related. 3. 0 Risk Management The hazard the executives procedure is the distinguishing proof, examination, arranging and observing of dangers which, when effectively applied, limits the impact of issues during the venture. Organizations experiencing ventures must utilize this procedure so as to effectively alleviate potential results from perils. In the A380 venture, numerous dangers can be recognized however not all were observed and moderated against. One such model is the PC programming used to structure the airplane segments. Since the 1990s, Airbus locales in France have utilized a three-dimensional PC displaying program called Catia and Circe. As this program was utilized effectively on the A340 venture, Airbus authorities needed to utilize a similar programming on the A380 venture. In spite of this, attempting to convince the Hamburg configuration shops to receive this French programming was without much of any result as the German specialists favored working with the American planned programming named Computervision. The American adaptation was made in 1980s and was just equipped for two-dimensional structures (Clark, 2006). It was clear in 2004 when Airbus was amassing its first A380 that the out-dated programming was making issues. Architects in Hamburg were falling delayed and could just flexibly a small amount of what was required, likewise prompting inconsistent wiring being delivered. The hazard for this situation was that two unique suppliers were utilizing diverse innovation. The A380 task ought to have followed the acts of past fruitful undertakings, for example, the A340, where just a single programming framework was given, Catia and Circe (Clark, 2006). Better hazard recognizable proof through the utilization of past activities would have made a difference. The plan to utilize various advances for various pieces of the airplane and afterward amassing them was a hazard to which Airbus didn't appropriately apply chance administration, and the results were huge. Albeit changing to the more current programming would have been exorbitant and tedious, it would have been a superior choice as this would have relieved the hazard and less postponements would have happened (Clark, 2006). Had suitable hazard the board been applied in the A380 venture, these issues would have been recognized at the arranging, where there would have been a great opportunity to execute an alleviation technique. 4. 0 Stakeholder Management Stakeholders are ‘individuals or gatherings who have a functioning stake in the extend and can conceivably affect either emphatically or adversely, its development’. (Pinto, 2013, pp. 58). In venture the executives, supervisors must react to the worries of the partners despite the fact that it may annoy or outrage a different partner who has a whole

Operations Management Definition, Principles, Activities, Trends

Operations Management Definition, Principles, Activities, Trends Since all companies have operations, i.e. certain ways to create an optimal output from various input sources, whether it be manufacturing physical products or offering services, it is good to be familiar with the basics of managing these operations. Especially as mastering these basics can directly support your business goals. © Shutterstock.com | garagestockIn this article, we will introduce you to a historical background and the current concept of operation management, its guiding principles, and the everyday activities that are the responsibility of an operation manager. We will also give you an outlook on some of the recent trends that have an impact on this discipline.WHAT IS OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT?Operations management involves planning, organizing, and supervising processes, and make necessary improvements for higher profitability. The adjustments in the everyday operations have to support the company’s strategic goals, so they are preceded by deep analysis and measurement of the current processes.Historical backgroundOperations management was previously called production management, clearly showing its origins in manufacturing. Historically, it all began with the division of production, starting as early as the times of ancient craftsmen, but spreading more widely only by adding the concept of in terchangeability of parts in the eighteenth century, ultimately sparking the industrial revolution.Still, it was not until Henry Ford took a twist on manufacturing with his famous assembly line concept, otherwise known as “bring work to men,” that the management of production for improving productivity became a hot topic. From the 1950’s and 1960’s, it formed a separate discipline, besides bringing other concepts, such as Taylorism, production planning, or inventory control, to life.As the economies in the developed world were gradually shifting to be service-based, all the corporate functions, including product management, started to integrate them. The service side also began its approach by applying product management principles to the planning and organizing of processes, to the point where it made more sense to call it operations management.Multidisciplinary natureOperations management is now a multidisciplinary functional area in a company, along with finance and marke ting. It makes sure the materials and labor, or any other input, is used in the most effective and efficient way possible within an organization thus maximizing the output.Operations management requires being familiar with a wide range of disciplines. It incorporates general management, factory- and equipment maintenance management by tradition. The operations manager has to know about the common strategic policies, basic material planning, manufacturing and production systems, and their analysis. Production and cost control principles are also of importance. And last, but not least, it has to be someone’s who is able to navigate industrial labor relations.Interested in a deep dive into operations maangement? Read the following slides.[slideshare id=2084168doc=operationsmanagement-919slidespresentation-090928145353-phpapp01w=640h=330]Required skillsThe skills required to perform such work are as diverse as the function itself. The most important skills are:Organizational abilitie s. Organizing processes in an organization requires a set of skills from planning and prioritizing through execution to monitoring. These abilities together help the manager achieve productivity and efficiency.Analytic capabilities/understanding of process. The capability to understand processes in your area often includes a broad understanding of other functions, too. An attention to detail is often helpful to go deeper in the analysis.Coordination of processes. Once processes are analyzed and understood, they can be optimized for maximum efficiency. Quick decision-making is a real advantage here, as well as a clear focus problem-solving.People skills. Flaws in the interactions with employees or member of senior management can seriously harm productivity, so an operation manager has to have people skills to properly navigate the fine lines with their colleagues. Furthermore, clear communication of the tasks and goals serves as great motivation and to give a purpose for everyone.Cre ativity. Again, problem-solving skills are essential for a creative approach if things don’t go in the right direction. When they do, creativity helps find new ways to improve corporate performance.Tech-savviness. In order to understand and design processes in a time when operations are getting increasingly technology-dependent, affinity for technology is a skill that can’t be underestimated. Operations managers have to be familiar with the most common technologies used in their industries, and have an even deeper understanding of the specific operation technology at their organizations.THE MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTSome of the fundamentals of the everyday work in operations management worth expanding a little more. Below you will find two major approaches that are important to understand the driving forces behind the decisions about planning, designing and organizing processes.They are both embracing the idea of focusing on the delivery: supporting the organizati on to deliver better results, by an optimized input of materials, equipment, technology, and human resources.The ten principles of OM by Randall SchaefferRandall Schaeffer is an experienced manufacturing and operations management professional, an industrial philosopher, and regular speaker at conferences organized by APICS, the leading US association of supply chain and operations management. He presented his list of 10 principles of operations management at an APICS conference in 2007, saying the violation of these principles had caused the struggle US manufacturing companies were experiencing.Reality. Operations management should focus on the problem, instead of the techniques, because no tool in itself would present a universal solution.Organization. Processes in manufacturing are interconnected. All elements have to be predictable and consistent, in order to achieve a similar outcome in profits.Fundamentals. The Pareto rule is also applicable to operations: 80% of success comes from a strict adherence to precisely maintaining records and disciplines, and only 20% comes from applying new techniques to the processes.Accountability. Managers are expected to set the rules and the metrics, and define responsibilities of their subordinates, as well as regularly check if the goals are met. Only this way would the workers put in the necessary efforts.Variance. Variance of processes has to be encouraged, because if managed well, they can be sources of creativity.Causality. Problems are symptoms: effects of underlying causes. Unless the causes are attacked, the same problems will appear again.Managed passion. The passion of employees can be a major driver of company growth, and it can be instilled by the managers if not coming naturally.Humility. Instead of a costly trial and error process, managers should acknowledge their limitations, “get help, and move on.”Success. What is considered success will change over time, but always consider the interest of the cust omer. In order to keep them, all the other principles have to be revised occasionally.Change. There will always be new theories and solutions, so you should not stick to one or the other, but embrace the change, and manage for stability in the long term.The 16 principles of operations management by Dr. Richard SchonbergerDr. Richard J. Schonberger, renowned researcher of American manufacturing and author of the book “World Class Manufacturing: The Next Decade,” has become widely known in operations management by his set of 16 customer-focused principles.Team up with customers. Know what they buy and use, and organize product families accordingly.Continual, rapid improvement. Aim for non-stop improvement to always deliver the best quality, aim for a quicker response to customer demand, and always offer maximum flexibility. Thus, it gives more value, in a more flexible way.Unified purpose. Involve frontline employees in strategic discussions to make sure they understand the purpos e of their work and have their say in what to change.Know the competition. Know their customers, their best practices, and their competitive edges.Focus. Allow no variations that the customers don’t buy or demand.Organize resources. Set priorities in organizing resources in a way the operations are close to the customer rate of use or demand.Invest in HR. Offer cross-training options, job rotation, and improvements in work safety and health. Also offer more rewards and recognitions.Maintain equipment. Always think of improvement of current assets first, instead of a new purchase.Simple “best” equipment. Keep the equipment as simple and flexible as possible, at a reasonable cost.Minimize human error. Improve the equipment and keep frontline workers accountable.Cut times. Shorten product path to customer by making processes and delivery faster.Cut setup. Be prepared to support different processes and get all information and tools ready for on-demand production.Pull system. Impro ve the workflow and cut the waste by producing on demand.Total quality control. Use only the best materials, processes, and partners.Fix causes. Focus on controlling the root causes that really affect cost and performance.Visibility management. Promote corporate achievements, let the market know about your improvements in competence or productivity.THE ACTIVITIES OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTThere are three major groups of activities performed by operations management, deriving from its planning or designing, organizing, and supervising functions. All activities involve considering assets, costs, and human resources, and are preceded by a thorough analysis of processes.DesignBefore planning processes or designing products, operations management should be busy analyzing the market to test the demands. If it delivers promising results, e.g. a niche to target or a new product or service to develop, you can start planning.In most cases, planning involves designing a new product, from the ini tial concept to the actual launch, with several testing phases involved. During planning, you will have to consider both technical and business requirements.Sometimes the processes need to be updated: designing a new supply chain or other logistics processes. If your product is a service, process design aims for a variety of requirements and customer contact levels.Again in other cases, it’s about a new facility: your company decides to expand its operations, and you will have to decide on the location of the facility, its capacity, and its layout.Plans should always support the business objectives: they are in focus when considering the costs and finding the best matching quality and capacity, or calculating inventory and human labor needs.Therefore, it is important to set proper measures in the planning phase, to know if the actual performance meets them, or there is need for adjustments. Capacity is one of these measures, as is product quality, or delivery times. The initial fi gures are usually estimates based on the market analysis conducted beforehand.One thing operation managers should be good at is critical path analysis. Learn more about that in the following video. Management/OrganizationSo you have a facility for production, your product design is ready, and so is the way it will be produced: with what material and human resources, at what costs, with what workflow.This is a solid starting base for maximizing the efficiency of your operations. Still, you will need constant and competent management to correct the accidental mistakes in planning, to adjust production to changing costs or regulations, and keep them efficient on many levels.The operations manager selects and schedules the processes for an optimal result and does the same with materials for an ideal quality and capacity. Organizing the maintenance of the equipment is also part of the quality management activities. Furthermore, the inventory and the whole supply chain has to be managed i n order to produce more efficiently.As in all management functions, the management of human resources is an essential activity. In operations management, the planning of actual employment levels can have a great impact on whether an organization can operate effectively.ImproveThere is always room to improve when it comes to the processes used, the quality and capacity achieved, or as far as the level of inventory and human resources are concerned.A great deal of operations management’s tasks, therefore, comes from these needs, and this is where long-term planning steps in. But remember, changes made according to these plans are only as good as the improvement they bring in business terms.A better way to forecast demand gets you closer to an improvement of processes, as savings on costs and delivery times occur. The quality of a product will be higher if you have Total Quality Control established and assess the operational risks correctly. Inventory control accounts for a better us e of supplies. With Just-In-Time manufacturing, the capacity issues can be solved. Collaboration is a common go-to strategy that you can use to improve the effectiveness of your human resources.As a general advice, you can always consider adding some technology in the mix. The best way to do that is to develop a technology plan: identify where the company is now, in which areas it would need a boost, what relevant technologies are available, and which ones are feasible to implement.RECENT TRENDS IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTThe ever-shrinking product lifecycles, the new trends on the labor market, the environmental concerns, and the digitalization of the processes require innovative approaches to operations management. Some of the trends that have a significant impact on the discipline today are:Business Process Reengineering (BPR)It’s a radical approach to designing core processes: take everything that you used before, discard it, and then start again from scratch. With Business Proce ss Reengineering, you can foster innovation and improve any selected measures dramatically. If you want to do it well, focus on how you can add more value to the customer.[slideshare id=31441243doc=businessprocessreengineering-2-140220101636-phpapp02w=640h=330]Lean and agile manufacturingEstablished by the Toyota Corporation, the term lean manufacturing has become a mainstream trend in the industry, and it is used interchangeable with Just-In-Time production. The concept behind is a constant improvement of processes in order to reduce waste and inventory, and maximize the output of high-quality, low-cost products and services.A new twist on this concept is agile, or otherwise known as “the new lean.” It has its origins in software development but now is used by various industries. The reason it came to life was the growing complexity of processes, and it is characterized by product development done in small increments and super-fast decision-making. These together ensure the nec essary flexibility and interactivity, proven remedies for unpredictable changes in market demand.Six SigmaImproving processes using a data-driven approach is an innovation of Motorola from mid-1980. It’s still among the trends of impact because it is a quality-improvement and cost-reducing method that focuses on customer satisfaction.The method is based on the Six Sigma measure, which is achieved if only 3.4 defects are found in a million of output. This way, production efficiency can be nearly 100%. When presented with a problem, the Six Sigma approach uses a five-step method called DMAIC, an acronym of define, measure, analyze, improve and control.Reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS)Another possible method for reacting to quick changes in the market is RMS, a production system that can be used with different functionalities within a product family. With an RMS, you can make adjustments in production cost-effectively.Employee involvementA recent trend that impacts the human resources management activities in operations is the increasing involvement of employees in the planning processes. Listening to the opinions of the workers often brings up fresh ideas, a different perspective on what problems should be solved and how to make the operations more effective.SustainabilityDue to the ever constraining environmental regulations, businesses must operate under pressure to reduce their harmful impact while still being able to grow. The issues, since affecting all levels of operations, need the insights of operations management on what are the options to meet these new expectations.Many times, principles applied for efficiency coincide with sustainable operations management principles, like organizing resources or cut times and waste.Behavioral operations managementThis trending research area studies the impact of human behavior, especially non-rational decision-making, on the discipline. Because of its complexity, operations management is a field prone to f requent deviances in problem-solving.There is a solid interest to understand the most important factors that influence manager’s decisions, as well as to make efficient problem-solving methods more widely available. With such a toolbox, managers can make more rational decisions and improve the overall efficiency of the operations.

What Are Examples of Pure Substances

A pure substance or chemical substance is a material that has a constant composition (is homogeneous) and has consistent properties throughout the sample.  A pure substance participates in a chemical reaction to form predictable products. In chemistry, a pure substance consists only of one type of atom, molecule, or compound. In other disciplines, the definition extends to homogeneous mixtures. Key Takeaways: Pure Substance Examples In chemistry, a substance is pure if it has a homogeneous chemical composition. At the nanoscale, this only applies to a substance made up of one type of atom, molecule, or compound.In the more general sense, a pure substance is any homogeneous mixture. That is, it is matter that appears uniform in appearance and composition, no matter how small the sample size.Examples of pure substances include iron, steel, and water. Air is a homogeneous mixture that is often considered to be a pure substance. Here are examples of pure substances. Examples of pure substances include tin, sulfur, diamond, water, pure sugar (sucrose), table salt (sodium chloride) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Crystals, in general, are pure substances.Tin, sulfur, and diamond are examples of pure substances which are chemical elements. All elements are pure substances. Sugar, salt, and baking soda are pure substances which are compounds. Examples of pure substances which are crystals include salt, diamond, protein crystals, and copper sulfate crystals.Depending on who you talk to, homogeneous mixtures may be considered examples of pure substances. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include vegetable oil, honey, and air. While these substances contain multiple types of molecules, their composition is consistent throughout a sample. If you add soot to air, it ceases to be a pure substance. Contaminants in water make it impure. Heterogeneous mixtures are not pure substances. Examples of materials which are not pure substances include gravel, your computer, a mixture of salt and sugar, and a tree. Tip for Recognizing Pure Substances If you can write a chemical formula for a substance or if it is a pure element, it is a pure substance! Sources Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. (2005). General Chemistry (4th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey.IUPAC (1997). Chemical Substance. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd ed.)  doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01039

Should Prostitution Be Legal Essay - 1261 Words

Prostitution has existed in history since before most people can remember. In our time, prostitution is hotly debated as to whether it should be a professional working job, or whether it is immoral and oppressive to women. This debate has existed since the dawn of time, and there is still no clear answer. Society demands that police should stop certain illicit activities from happening in their neighborhoods, but should law enforcement be made to waste their time and effort to arrest those that may or may not be prostitutes? While some believe legalizing prostitution will only encourage more people to buy sex, making prostitution legal will protect those who work in the sex industry. The earliest mentions of prostitution date all the way back to the B.C. era. The Sumerian Records (2400 B.C.) and Hammurabi’s code (1780 B.C.) list female prostitution as one of the earliest professions and even include certain codes that outline a prostitute’s rights (â€Å"Historica l Timeline†) Only during the middle ages did prostitution begin to be regulated, criminalized, and even abolished in some places. In 1910, the Mann Act, or White-Slave Traffic Act, created a federal United States law against â€Å"prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose.† Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (a.k.a. COYOTE) was the first prostitute’s rights group in the U.S., formed in 1973. Prostitution is a controversial issue because some people believe legal prostitution would increase crime andShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesShould prostitution be legal? Prostitution has been around for decades. Since 1780 BC the legalization of prostitution has been a controversial topic. Prostitution is the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money.† Prostitution. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Many claim that is one of the oldest professions. If this is one of the oldest professions why is it still illegal? So many people have different opinions on the issueRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many benefits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreProstitution: It Should Be Legal 1431 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the work of a prostitute: the act of having sex in exchange for money† (cite). Underneath this definition is one that follows as, â€Å"the use of a skill or ability in a way that is not appropriate or respectableâ €  (cite). Prostitution is a pressing matter in the United States and, as one can assume after reading the second definition given, implicated negatively throughout society. Many view this topic in an undesirable mannerRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1157 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Prostitution in Brothels Throughout America When someone says prostitution, the first couple things that probably come to mind are grimy girls that have ruined their lives with drugs sitting on a couch cracked out with a man they just met. Prostitutes are looked at as whores who cannot sustain a real career so they are forced to sell their bodies for sex. The prostitution industry is essentially just like any other service industry. The worker charges his or her customer for a serviceRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prost itution is stillRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A human body is a temple; we should love it and respect it.† How often have we come across those people who sell their bodies, so-called temples and have been termed as â€Å"prostitutes?† Prostitution can be defined as the profession of getting involved in sexual activity with someone and to get paid back in return. Sex and sex-related issues have always been the matter to be hidden, and the civilized people are considered to be not speaking about it at all. Despite the fact, none can escape it ourRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1150 Words   |  5 Pagesgroup of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancement allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within the establishment and it is completely legal. Protection for working women should exist across the board, not justRead MoreProstitution Should Not Be Legal1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of prostitution, most of us will readily agree that it is wrong as it portrays a negative image on women. Where this agreement usually ends, however, it is whether or not it’s a negative outcome. Whereas some are convinced that prostitution should be legal, others maintain that it should stay illegal because of moral intuitions. I disagree that prostitution should be legalized because it’s a form of slavery. Here are many feminists would probably object that prostitution is an utterlyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1371 Words   |  6 PagesKayla Beaty College Success Professor Jernigan 02/04/2015 Prositution in the U.S For my paper I chose the topic â€Å"Prostitution In the U.S† I picked this topic because I feel as if there’s a lot to discuss about the subject itself. Prostitution in my eyes, should be illegal in all parts of America. I feel as if the crime itself is degrading not only to women, but the families of those involved that choose to commit these acts. My personal opinion, going more into detail is that I grew up viewing

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton Free Essays

string(66) " before marching through the common room into the family bedroom\." DAHL-†¦ Oddly enough, the best-known aspect of this sector is Billibotton, a semi-legendary place about which innumerable tales have grown up. In fact, a whole branch of literature now exists in which heroes and adventurers (and victims) must dare the dangers of passing through Billibotton. So stylized have these stories become that the one well-known and, presumably, authentic tale involving such a passage, that of Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili, has come to seem fantastic simply by association†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 66. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili were alone, Dors asked thoughtfully, â€Å"Are you really planning to see this ‘Mother’ woman?† â€Å"I’m thinking about it, Dors.† â€Å"You’re an odd one, Hari. You seem to go steadily from bad to worse. You went Upperside, which seemed harmless enough, for a rational purpose when you were in Streeling. Then, in Mycogen, you broke into the Elders’ aerie, a much more dangerous task, for a much more foolish purpose. And now in Dahl, you want to go to this place, which that young man seems to think is simple suicide, for something altogether nonsensical.† â€Å"I’m curious about this reference to Earth-and must know if there’s anything to it.† Dors said, â€Å"It’s a legend and not even an interesting one. It is routine. The names differ from planet to planet, but the content is the same. There is always the tale of an original world and a golden age. There is a longing for a supposedly simple and virtuous past that is almost universal among the people of a complex and vicious society. In one way or another, this is true of all societies, since everyone imagines his or her own society to be too complex and vicious, however simple it may be. Mark that down for your psychohistory.† â€Å"Just the same,† said Seldon, â€Å"I have to consider the possibility that one world did once exist. Aurora†¦ Earth†¦ the name doesn’t matter. In fact-â€Å" He paused and finally Dors said, â€Å"Well?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Do you remember the hand-on-thigh story you told me in Mycogen? It was right after I got the Book from Raindrop Forty-Three†¦ Well, it popped into my head one evening recently when we were talking to the Tisalvers. I said something that reminded me, for an instant-â€Å" â€Å"Reminded you of what?† â€Å"I don’t remember. It came into my head and went out again, but somehow every time I think of the single-world notion, it seems to me I have the tips of my fingers on something and then lose it.† Dors looked at Seldon in surprise. â€Å"I don’t see what it could be. The hand-on-thigh story has nothing to do with Earth or Aurora.† â€Å"I know, but this†¦ thing†¦ that hovers just past the edge of my mind seems to be connected with this single world anyway and I have the feeling that I must find out more about it at any cost. That†¦ and robots.† â€Å"Robots too? I thought the Elders’ aerie put an end to that.† â€Å"Not at all. I’ve been thinking about them.† He stared at Dors with a troubled look on his face for a long moment, then said, â€Å"But I’m not sure.† â€Å"Sure about what, Hari?† But Seldon merely shook his head and said nothing more. Dors frowned, then said, â€Å"Hari, let me tell you one thing. In sober history-and, believe me, I know what I’m talking about there is no mention of one world of origin. It’s a popular belief, I admit. I don’t mean just among the unsophisticated followers of folklore, like the Mycogenians and the Dahlite heatsinkers, but there are biologists who insist that there must have been one world of origin for reasons that are well outside my area of expertise and there are the more mystical historians who tend to speculate about it. And among the leisure-class intellectuals, I understand such speculations are becoming fashionable. Still, scholarly history knows nothing about it.† Seldon said, â€Å"All the more reason, perhaps, to go beyond scholarly history. All I want is a device that will simplify psychohistory for me and I don’t care what the device is, whether it is a mathematical trick or a historical trick or something totally imaginary. If the young man we’ve just talked to had had a little more formal training, I’d have set him on the problem. His thinking is marked by considerable ingenuity and originality-â€Å" Dors said, â€Å"And you’re really going to help him, then?† â€Å"Absolutely. Just as soon as I’m in a position to.† â€Å"But ought you to make promises you’re not sure you’ll be able to keep?† â€Å"I want to keep it. If you’re that stiff about impossible promises, consider that Hummin told Sunmaster Fourteen that I’d use psychohistory to get the Mycogenians their world back. There’s just about zero chance of that. Even if I work out psychohistory, who knows if it can be used for so narrow and specialized a purpose? There’s a real case of promising what one can’t deliver.† But Dors said with some heat, â€Å"Chetter Hummin was trying to save our lives, to keep us out of the hands of Demerzel and the Emperor. Don’t forget that. And I think he really would like to help the Mycogenians.† â€Å"And I really would like to help Yugo Amaryl and I am far more likely to be able to help him than I am the Mycogenians, so if you justify the second, please don’t criticize the first. What’s more, Dors†-and his eyes flashed angrily-â€Å"I really would like to find Mother Rittah and I’m prepared to go alone.† â€Å"Never!† snapped Dors. â€Å"If you go, I go.† 67. Mistress Tisalver returned with her daughter in tow an hour after Amaryl had left on this way to his shift. She said nothing at all to either Seldon or Dors, but gave a curt nod of her head when they greeted her and gazed sharply about the room as though to verify that the heatsinker had left no trace. She then sniffed the air sharply and looked at Seldon accusingly before marching through the common room into the family bedroom. You read "Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton" in category "Essay examples" Tisalver himself arrived home later and when Seldon and Dors came to the dinner table, Tisalver took advantage of the fact that his wife was still ordering some last-minute details in connection with the dinner to say in a low voice, â€Å"Has that person been here?† â€Å"And gone,† said Seldon solemnly. â€Å"Your wife was out at the time.† Tisalver nodded and said, â€Å"Will you have to do this again?† â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Seldon. â€Å"Good.† Dinner passed largely in silence, but afterward, when the daughter had gone to her room for the dubious pleasures of computer practice, Seldon leaned back and said, â€Å"Tell me about Billibotton.† Tisalver looked astonished and his mouth moved without any sound issuing. Casilia, however, was less easily rendered speechless. She said, â€Å"Is that where your new friend lives? Are you going to return the visit?† â€Å"So far,† said Seldon quietly, â€Å"I have just asked about Billibotton.† Casilia said sharply, â€Å"It is a slum. The dregs live there. No one goes there, except the filth that make their homes there.† â€Å"I understand a Mother Rittah lives there.† â€Å"I never heard of her,† said Casilia, her mouth closing with a snap. It was quite clear that she had no intention of knowing anyone by name who lived in Billibotton. Tisalver, casting an uneasy look at his wife, said, â€Å"I’ve heard of her. She’s a crazy old woman who is supposed to tell fortunes.† â€Å"And does she live in Billibotton?† â€Å"I don’t know, Master Seldon. I’ve never seen her. She’s mentioned sometimes in the news holocasts when she makes her predictions.† â€Å"Do they come true?† Tisalver snorted. â€Å"Do predictions ever come true? Hers don’t even make sense.† â€Å"Does she ever talk about Earth?† â€Å"I don’t know. I wouldn’t be surprised.† â€Å"The mention of Earth doesn’t puzzle you. Do you know about Earth?† Now Tisalver looked surprised. â€Å"Certainly, Master Seldon. It’s the world all people came from†¦ supposedly.† â€Å"Supposedly? Don’t you believe it?† â€Å"Me? I’m educated. But many ignorant people believe it.† â€Å"Are there book-films about Earth?† â€Å"Children’s stories sometimes mention Earth. I remember, when I was a young boy, my favorite story began, ‘Once, long ago, on Earth, when Earth was the only planet-‘ Remember, Casilia? You liked it too.† Casilia shrugged, unwilling to bend as yet. â€Å"I’d like to see it sometime,† said Seldon, â€Å"but I mean real book-films†¦ uh†¦ learned ones†¦ or films†¦ or printouts.† â€Å"I never heard of any, but the library-â€Å" â€Å"I’ll try that.-Are there any taboos about speaking of Earth?† â€Å"What are taboos?† â€Å"I mean, is it a strong custom that people mustn’t talk of Earth or that outsiders mustn’t ask about it?† Tisalver looked so honestly astonished that there seemed no point in waiting for an answer. Dors put in, â€Å"Is there some rule about outsiders not going to Billibotton?† Now Tisalver turned earnest. â€Å"No rule, but it’s not a good idea for anyone to go there. I wouldn’t.† Dors said, â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"It’s dangerous. Violent! Everyone is armed.-I mean, Dahl is an armed place anyway, but in Billibotton they use the weapons. Stay in this neighborhood. It’s safe.† â€Å"So far,† said Casilia darkly. â€Å"It would be better if we left altogether. Heatsinkers go anywhere these days.† And there was another lowering look in Seldon’s direction. Seldon said, â€Å"What do you mean that Dahl is an armed place? There are strong Imperial regulations against weapons.† â€Å"I know that,† said Tisalver, â€Å"and there are no stun guns here or percussives or Psychic Probes or anything like that. But there are knives.† He looked embarrassed. Dors said, â€Å"Do you carry a knife, Tisalver?† â€Å"Me?† He looked genuinely horrified. â€Å"I am a man of peace and this is a safe neighborhood.† â€Å"We have a couple of them in the house,† said Casilia, sniffing again. â€Å"We’re not that certain this is a safe neighborhood.† â€Å"Does everyone carry knives?† asked Dors. â€Å"Almost everyone, Mistress Venabili,† said Tisalver. â€Å"It’s customary. But that doesn’t mean everyone uses them.† â€Å"But they use them in Billibotton, I suppose,† said Dors. â€Å"Sometimes. When they’re excited, they have fights.† â€Å"And the government permits it? The Imperial government, I mean?† â€Å"Sometimes they try to clean Billibotton up, but knives are too easy to hide and the custom is too strong. Besides, it’s almost always Dahlites that get killed and I don’t think the Imperial government gets too upset over that.† â€Å"What if it’s an outsider who gets killed?† â€Å"If it’s reported, the Imperials could get excited. But what happens is that no one has seen anything and no one knows anything. The Imperials sometimes round up people on general principles, but they can never prove anything. I suppose they decide it’s the outsiders’ fault for being there.-So don’t go to Billibotton, even if you have a knife.† Seldon shook his head rather pettishly. â€Å"I wouldn’t carry a knife. I don’t know how to use one. Not skillfully.† â€Å"Then it’s simple, Master Seldon. Stay out.† Tisalver shook his head portentously. â€Å"Just stay out.† â€Å"I may not be able to do that either,† said Seldon. Dors glared at him, clearly annoyed, and said to Tisalver, â€Å"Where does one buy a knife? Or may we have one of yours?† Casilia said quickly, â€Å"No one takes someone else’s knife. You must buy your own.† Tisalver said, â€Å"There are knife stores all over. There aren’t supposed to be. Theoretically they’re illegal, you know. Any appliance store sells them, however. If you see a washing machine on display, that’s a sure sign.† â€Å"And how does one get to Billibotton?† asked Seldon. â€Å"By Expressway.† Tisalver looked dubious as he looked at Dors’s frowning expression. Seldon said, â€Å"And once I reach the Expressway?† â€Å"Get on the eastbound side and watch for the signs. But if you must go, Master Seldon†-Tisalver hesitated, then said-â€Å"you mustn’t take Mistress Venabili. Women sometimes are treated†¦ worse.† â€Å"She won’t go,† said Seldon. â€Å"I’m afraid she will,† said Dors with quiet determination. 68. The appliance store dealer’s mustache was clearly as lush as it had been in his younger days, but it was grizzled now, even though the hair on his head was still black. He touched the mustache out of sheer habit as he gazed at Dors and brushed it back on each side. He said, â€Å"You’re not a Dahlite.† â€Å"Yes, but I still want a knife.† He said, â€Å"It’s against the law to sell knives.† Dors said, â€Å"I’m not a policewoman or a government agent of any sort. I’m going to Billibotton.† He stared at her thoughtfully. â€Å"Alone?† â€Å"With my friend.† She jerked her thumb over her shoulder in the direction of Seldon, who was waiting outside sullenly. â€Å"You’re buying it for him?† He stared at Seldon and it didn’t take him long to decide. â€Å"He’s an outsider too. Let him come in and buy it for himself.† â€Å"He’s not a government agent either. And I’m buying it for myself.† The dealer shook his head. â€Å"Outsiders are crazy. But if you want to spend some credits, I’ll take them from you.† He reached under the counter, brought out a stub, turned it with a slight and expert motion, and the knife blade emerged. â€Å"Is that the largest you have?† â€Å"Best woman’s knife made.† â€Å"Show me a man’s knife.† â€Å"You don’t want one that’s too heavy. Do you know how to use one of these things?† â€Å"I’ll learn and I’m not worried about heavy. Show me a man’s knife.† The dealer smiled. â€Å"Well, if you want to see one-â€Å" He moved farther down the counter and brought up a much fatter stub. He gave it a twist and what appeared to be a butcher’s knife emerged. He handed it to her, handle first, still smiling. She said, â€Å"Show me that twist of yours.† He showed her on a second knife, slowly twisting one way to make the blade appear, then the other way to make it disappear. â€Å"Twist and squeeze,† he said. â€Å"Do it again, sir.† The dealer obliged. Dors said, â€Å"All right, close it and toss me the haft.† He did, in a slow upward loop. She caught it, handed it back, and said, â€Å"Faster.† He raised his eyebrows and then, without warning, backhanded it to her left side. She made no attempt to bring over her right hand, but caught it with her left and the blade showed tumescently at once-then disappeared. The dealer’s mouth fell open. â€Å"And this is the largest you have?† she said. â€Å"It is. If you try to use it, it will just tire you out.† â€Å"I’ll breathe deeply. I’ll take a second one too.† â€Å"For your friend?† â€Å"No. For me.† â€Å"You plan on using two knives?† â€Å"I’ve got two hands.† The dealer sighed. â€Å"Mistress, please stay out of Billibotton. You don’t know what they do to women there.† â€Å"I can guess. How do I put these knives on my belt?† â€Å"Not the one you’ve got on, Mistress. That’s not a knife belt. I can sell you one, though.† â€Å"Will it hold two knives?† â€Å"I might have a double belt somewhere. Not much call for them.† â€Å"I’m calling for them.† â€Å"I may not have it in your size.† â€Å"Then we’ll cut it down or something.† â€Å"It will cost you a lot of credits.† â€Å"My credit tile will cover it.† When she emerged at last, Seldon said sourly, â€Å"You look ridiculous with that bulky belt.† â€Å"Really, Hari? Too ridiculous to go with you to Billibotton? Then let’s both go back to the apartment.† â€Å"No. I’ll go on by myself. I’ll be safer by myself.† Dors said, â€Å"There is no use saying that, Hari. We both go back or we both go forward. Under no circumstances do we separate.† And somehow the firm look in her blue eyes, the set to her lips, and the manner in which her hands had dropped to the hafts at her belt, convinced Seldon she was serious. â€Å"Very well,† he said, â€Å"but if you survive and if I ever see Hummin again, my price for continuing to work on psychohistory-much as I have grown fond of you-will be your removal. Do you understand?† And suddenly Dors smiled. â€Å"Forget it. Don’t practice your chivalry on me. Nothing will remove me. Do you understand?† 69. They got off the Expressway where the sign, flickering in the air, said: BILLIBOTTON. As perhaps an indication of what might be expected, the second ‘I’ was smeared, a mere blob of fainter light. They made their way out of the car and down to the walkway below. It was early afternoon and at first glance, Billibotton seemed much like the part of Dahl they had left. The air, however, had a pungent aroma and the walkway was littered with trash. One could tell that auto-sweeps were not to be found in the neighborhood. And, although the walkway looked ordinary enough, the atmosphere was uncomfortable and as tense as a too-tightly coiled spring. Perhaps it was the people. There seemed the normal number of pedestrians, but they were not like pedestrians elsewhere, Seldon thought. Ordinarily, in the press of business, pedestrians were self-absorbed and in the endless crowds on the endless thoroughfares of Trantor, people could only survive-psychologically-by ignoring each other. Eyes slid away. Brains were closed off. There was an artificial privacy with each person enclosed in a velvet fog of his or her own making. Or there was the ritualistic friendliness of an evening promenade in those neighborhoods that indulged in such things. But here in Billibotton, there was neither friendliness nor neutral withdrawal. At least not where outsiders were concerned. Every person who passed, moving in either direction, turned to stare at Se ldon and Dors. Every pair of eyes, as though attached by invisible cords to the two outsiders, followed them with ill will. The clothing of the Billibottoners tended to be smudged, old, and sometimes corn. There was a patina of ill-washed poverty over them and Seldon felt uneasy at the slickness of his own new clothes. He said, â€Å"Where in Billibotton does Mother Rittah live, do you suppose?† â€Å"I don’t know,† said Dors. â€Å"You brought us here, so you do the supposing. I intend to confine myself to the task of protection and I think I’m going to find it necessary to do just that.† Seldon said, â€Å"I assumed it would only be necessary to ask the way of any passerby, but somehow I’m not encouraged to do so.† â€Å"I don’t blame you. I don’t think you’ll find anyone springing to your assistance.† â€Å"On the other hand, there are such things as youngsters.† He indicated one with a brief gesture of one hand. A boy who looked to be about twelve-in any case young enough to lack the universal adult male mustache had come to a full halt and was staring at them. Dors said, â€Å"You’re guessing that a boy that age has not yet developed the full Billibottonian dislike of outsiders.† â€Å"At any rate,† said Seldon, â€Å"I’m guessing he is scarcely large enough to have developed the full Billibottonian penchant for violence. I suppose he might run away and shout insults from a distance if we approach him, but I doubt he’ll attack us.† Seldon raised his voice. â€Å"Young man.† The boy took a step backward and continued to stare. Seldon said, â€Å"Come here,† and beckoned. The boy said, â€Å"Wa’ for, guy?† â€Å"So I can ask you directions. Come closer, so I don’t have to shout.† The boy approached two steps closer. His face was smudged, but his eyes were bright and sharp. His sandals were of different make and there was a large patch on one leg of his trousers. He said, â€Å"Wa’ kind o’ directions?† â€Å"We’re trying to find Mother Rittah.† The boy’s eyes flickered. â€Å"Wa’ for, guy?† â€Å"I’m a scholar. Do you know what a scholar is?† â€Å"Ya went to school?† â€Å"Yes. Didn’t you?† The boy spat to one side in contempt. â€Å"Nah.† â€Å"I want advice from Mother Rittah-if you’ll take me to her.† â€Å"Ya want your fortune? Ya come to Billibotton, guy, with your fancy clothes, so I can tell ya your fortune. All bad.† â€Å"What’s your name, young man?† â€Å"What’s it to ya?† â€Å"So we can speak in a more friendly fashion. And so you can take me to Mother Rittah’s place. Do you know where she lives?† â€Å"Maybe yes, maybe no. My name’s Raych. What’s in it for me if I take ya?† â€Å"What would you like, Raych?† The boy’s eyes halted at Dors’s belt. Raych said, â€Å"The lady got a couple o’ knives. Gimme one and I’ll take ya to Mother Rittah.† â€Å"Those are grown people’s knives, Raych. You’re too young.† â€Å"Then I guess I’m too young to know where Mother Rittah lives.† And he looked up slyly through the shaggy halt that curtained his eyes. Seldon grew uneasy. It was possible they might attract a crowd. Several men had stopped already, but had then moved on when nothing of interest seemed to be taking place. If, however, the boy grew angry and lashed out at them in word or deed, people would undoubtedly gather. He smiled and said, â€Å"Can you read, Raych?† Raych spat again. â€Å"Nah! Who wants to read?† â€Å"Can you use a computer?† â€Å"A talking computer? Sure. Anyone can.† â€Å"I’ll tell you what, then. You take me to the nearest computer store and I’ll buy you a little computer all your own and software that will teach you to read. A few weeks and you’ll be able to read.† It seemed to Seldon that the boy’s eyes sparkled at the thought, but-if so-they hardened at once. â€Å"Nah, Knife or nothin’.† â€Å"That’s the point, Raych. You learn to read and don’t tell anyone and you can surprise people. After a while you can bet them you can read. Bet them five credits. You can win a few extra credits that way and you can buy a knife of your own.† The boy hesitated. â€Å"Nah! No one will bet me. No one got credits.† â€Å"If you can read, you can get a job in a knife store and you can save your wages and get a knife at a discount. How about that?† â€Å"When ya gonna buy the talking computer?† â€Å"Right now. I’ll give it to you when I see Mother Rittah.† â€Å"You got credits?† â€Å"I have a credit tile.† â€Å"Let’s see ya buy the computer.† The transaction was carried through, but when the boy reached for it, Seldon shook his head and put it inside his pouch. â€Å"You’ve got to get me to Mother Rittah first, Raych. Are you sure you know where to find her?† Raych allowed a look of contempt to cross his face. â€Å"Sure I do. I’ll take ya there, only ya better hand over the computer when we get there or I’ll get some guys I know after you and the lady, so ya better watch out.† â€Å"You don’t have to threaten us,† said Seldon. â€Å"We’ll take care of our end of the deal.† Raych led them quickly along the walkway, past curious stares. Seldon was silent during the walk and so was Dors. Dors was far less lost in her own thoughts, though, for she clearly remained conscious of the surrounding people at all times. She kept meeting, with a level glare, the eyes of those passersby that turned toward them. On occasion, when there were footsteps behind them, she turned to look grimly back. And then Raych stopped and said, â€Å"In here. She ain’t homeless, ya know.† They followed him into an apartment complex and Seldon, who had had the intention of following their route with a view to retracing his steps later, was quickly lost. He said, â€Å"How do you know your way through these alleys, Raych?† The boy shrugged. â€Å"I been loafin’ through them since I was a kid,† he said. â€Å"Besides, the apartments are numbered-where they ain’t broken off-and there’s arrows and things. You can’t get lost if you know the tricks.† Raych knew the tricks, apparently, and they wandered deeper into the complex. Hanging over it all was an air of total decay: disregarded debris, inhabitants slinking past in clear resentment of the outsiders’ invasion. Unruly youngsters ran along the alleys in pursuit of some game or other. Some of them yelled, â€Å"Hey, get out o’ the way!† when their levitating ball narrowly missed Dors. And finally, Raych stopped before a dark scarred door on which the number 2782 glowed feebly. â€Å"This is it,† he said and held out his hand. â€Å"First let’s see who’s inside,† said Seldon softly. He pushed the signal button and nothing happened. â€Å"It don’t work,† said Raych. â€Å"Ya gotta bang. Loud. She don’t hear too good.† Seldon pounded his fist on the door and was rewarded with the sound of movement inside. A shrill voice called out, â€Å"Who wants Mother Rittah?† Seldon shouted, â€Å"Two scholars!† He tossed the small computer, with its small package of software attached, to Raych, who snatched it, grinned, and took off at a rapid run. Seldon then turned to face the opening door and Mother Rittah. 70. Mother Rittah was well into her seventies, perhaps, but had the kind of face that, at first sight, seemed to belie that. Plump cheeks, a little mouth, a small round chin slightly doubled. She was very short-not quite 1.5 meters tall-and had a thick body. But there were fine wrinkles about her eyes and when she smiled, as she smiled at the sight of them, others broke out over her face. And she moved with difficulty. â€Å"Come in, come in,† she said in a soft high-pitched voice and peered at them as though her eyesight was beginning to fail. â€Å"Outsiders†¦ Outworlders even. Am I right? You don’t seem to have the Trantor smell about you.† Seldon wished she hadn’t mentioned smell. The apartment, overcrowded and littered with small possessions that seemed dim and dusty, reeked with food odors that were on the edge of rancidity. The air was so thick and clinging that he was sure his clothes would smell strongly of it when they left. He said, â€Å"You are right, Mother Rittah. I am Hari Seldon of Helicon. My friend is Dors Venabili of Cinna.† â€Å"So,† she said, looking about for an unoccupied spot on the floor where she could invite them to sit, but finding none suitable. Dors said, â€Å"We are willing to stand, Mother.† â€Å"What?† she looked up at Dors. â€Å"You must speak briskly, my child. My hearing is not what it was when I was your age.† â€Å"Why don’t you get a hearing device?† said Seldon, raising his voice. â€Å"It wouldn’t help, Master Seldon. Something seems to be wrong with the nerve and I have no money for nerve rebuilding.-You have come to learn the future from old Mother Rittah?† â€Å"Not quite,† said Seldon. â€Å"I have come to learn the past.† â€Å"Excellent. It is such a strain to decide what people want to hear.† â€Å"It must be quite an art,† said Dors, smiling. â€Å"It seems easy, but one has to he properly convincing. I earn my fees.† â€Å"If you have a credit outlet,† said Seldon. â€Å"We will pay any reasonable fees if you tell us about Earth-without cleverly designing what you tell us to suit what we want to hear. We wish to hear the truth.† The old woman, who had been shuffling about the room, making adjustments here and there, as though to make it all prettier and more suitable for important visitors, stopped short. â€Å"What do you want to know about Earth?† â€Å"What is it, to begin with?† The old woman turned and seemed to gaze off into space. When she spoke, her voice was low and steady. â€Å"It is a world, a very old planet. It is forgotten and lost.† Dors said, â€Å"It is not part of history. We know that much.† â€Å"It comes before history, child,† said Mother Rittah solemnly. â€Å"It existed in the dawn of the Galaxy and before the dawn. It was the only world with humanity.† She nodded firmly. Seldon said, â€Å"Was another name for Earth†¦ Aurora?† And now Mother Rittah’s face misted into a frown. â€Å"Where did you hear that?† â€Å"In my wanderings. I have heard of an old forgotten world named Aurora on which humanity lived in primordial peace.† â€Å"It’s a lie.† She wiped her mouth as though to get the taste of what she had just heard out of it. â€Å"That name you mention must never be mentioned except as the place of Evil. It was the beginning of Evil. Earth was alone till Evil came, along with its sister worlds. Evil nearly destroyed Earth, but Earth rallied and destroyed Evil-with the help of heroes.† â€Å"Earth was before this Evil. Are you sure of that?† â€Å"Long before. Earth was alone in the Galaxy for thousands of years-millions of years.† â€Å"Millions of years? Humanity existed on it for millions of years with no other people on any other world?† â€Å"That’s true. That’s true. That’s true.† â€Å"But how do you know all this? Is it all in a computer program? Or a printout? Do you have anything I can read?† Mother Rittah shook her head. â€Å"I heard the old stories from my mother, who heard it from hers, and so on far back. I have no children, so I tell the stories to others, but it may come to an end. This is a time of disbelief.† Dors said, â€Å"Not really, Mother. There are people who speculate about prehistoric times and who study some of the tales of lost worlds.† Mother Rittah made a motion of her arm as though to wipe it away. â€Å"They look at it with cold eyes. Scholarly. They try to fit it in with their notions. I could tell you stories for a year of the great hero Ba-Lee, but you would have no time to listen and I have lost the strength to tell.† Seldon said, â€Å"Have you ever heard of robots?† The old woman shuddered and her voice was almost a scream. â€Å"Why do you ask such things? Those were artificial human beings, evil in themselves and the work of the Evil worlds. They were destroyed and should never be mentioned.† â€Å"There was one special robot, wasn’t there, that the Evil worlds hated?† Mother Rittah tottered toward Seldon and peered into his eyes. He could feel her hot breath on his face. â€Å"Have you come to mock me? You know of these things and yet you ask? Why do you ask?† â€Å"Because I wish to know.† â€Å"There was an artificial human being who helped Earth. He was Da-Nee, friend of Ba-Lee. He never died and lives somewhere, waiting for his time to return. None knows when that time will be, but someday he will come and restore the great old days and remove all cruelty, injustice, and misery. That is the promise.† At this, she closed her eyes and smiled, as if remembering†¦ Seldon waited a while in silence, then sighed and said, â€Å"Thank you, Mother Rittah. You have been very helpful. What is your fee?† â€Å"So pleasant to meet Outworlders,† the old woman replied. â€Å"Ten credits. May I offer you some refreshment?† â€Å"No, thank you,† said Seldon earnestly. â€Å"Please take twenty. You need only tell us how to get back to the Expressway from here.-And, Mother Rittah, if you can arrange to have some of your tales of Earth put into a computer disc, I will pay you well.† â€Å"I would need so much strength. How well?† â€Å"It would depend on how long the story is and how well it is told. I might pay a thousand credits.† Mother Rittah licked her lips. â€Å"A thousand credits? But how will I find you when the story is told?† â€Å"I will give you the computer code number at which I can be reached.† After Seldon gave Mother Rittah the code number, he and Dors left, thankful for the comparatively clean odor of the alley outside. They walked briskly in the direction indicated by the old woman. Dors said, â€Å"That wasn’t a very long interview, Hari.† â€Å"I know. The surroundings were terribly unpleasant and I felt I had learned enough. Amazing how these folktales tend to magnify.† â€Å"What do you mean, ‘magnify’?† â€Å"Well, the Mycogenians fill their Aurora with human beings who lived for centuries and the Dahlites fill their Earth with a humanity that lived for millions of years. And both talk of a robot that lives forever. Still, it makes one think.† â€Å"As far as millions of years go, there’s room for- Where are we going?† â€Å"Mother Rittah said we go in this direction till we reach a rest area, then follow the sign for CENTRAL WALKWAY, bearing left, and keep on following the sign. Did we pass a rest area on the way in?† â€Å"We may be leaving by a route different from the one we came in. I don’t remember a rest area, but I wasn’t watching the route. I was keeping my eye on the people we passed and-â€Å" Her voice died away. Up ahead the alley swelled outward on both sides. Seldon remembered. They had passed that way. There had been a couple of ratty couch pads resting on the walkway floor on either side. There was, however, no need for Dors to watch passersby going out as she had coming in. There were no passersby. But up ahead in the rest area they spotted a group of men, rather large-sized for Dahlites, mustaches bristling, bare upper arms muscular and glistening under the yellowish indoor light of the walkway. Clearly, they were waiting for the Outworlders and, almost automatically, Seldon and Dors came to a halt. For a moment or two, the tableau held. Then Seldon looked behind him hastily. Two or three additional men had stepped into view. Seldon said between his teeth, â€Å"We’re trapped. I should not have let you come, Dors.† â€Å"On the contrary. This is why I’m here, but was it worth your seeing Mother Rittah?† â€Å"If we get out of this, it was.† Seldon then said in a loud and firm voice, â€Å"May we pass?† One of the men ahead stepped forward. He was fully Seldon’s height of 1.73 meters, but broader in the shoulders and much more muscular. A bit flabby at the waist, though, Seldon noted. â€Å"I’m Marron,† he said with self-satisfied significance, as though the name ought to have meaning, â€Å"and I’m here to tell you we don’t like Outworlders in our district. You want to come in, all right-but if you want to leave, you’ll have to pay.† â€Å"Very well. How much?† â€Å"All you’ve got. You rich Outworlders have credit tiles, right? Just hand them over.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"No point saying no. We’ll just take them.† â€Å"You can’t take them without killing me or hurting me and they won’t work without my voiceprint. My normal voiceprint.† â€Å"That’s not so, Master-see, I’m being polite-we can take them away from you without hurting you very much.† â€Å"How many of you big strong men will it take? Nine? No.† Seldon counted rapidly. â€Å"Ten.† â€Å"Just one. Me.† â€Å"With no help?† â€Å"Just me.† â€Å"If the rest of you will clear away and give us room, I would like to see you try it, Marron.† â€Å"You don’t have a knife, Master. You want one?† â€Å"No, use yours to make the fight even. I’ll fight without one.† Marron looked about at the others and said, â€Å"Hey, this puny guy is a sport. He don’t even sound scared. That’s sort of nice. It would be a shame to hurt him. I tell you what, Master. I’ll take the girl. If you want me to stop, hand over your credit tile and her tile and use your right voices to activate them. If you say no, then after I’m through with the girl†¦ and that’ll take some time†-he laughed-â€Å"I’ll just have to hurt you.† â€Å"No,† said Seldon. â€Å"Let the woman go. I’ve challenged you to a fight-one to one, you with a knife, me without. If you want bigger odds, I’ll fight two of you, but let the woman go.† â€Å"Stop, Hari!† cried out Dors. â€Å"If he wants me, let him come and get me. You stay right where you are, Hari, and don’t move.† â€Å"You hear that?† said Marron, grinning broadly. † ‘You stay right where you are, Hari, and don’t move.’ I think the little lady wants me. You two, keep him still.† Each of Seldon’s arms were caught in an iron grip and he felt the sharp point of a knife in his back. â€Å"Don’t move,† said a harsh whisper in his ear, â€Å"and you can watch. The lady will probably like it. Marron’s pretty good at this.† Dors called out again. â€Å"Don’t move, Hari!† She turned to face Marron watchfully, her half-closed hands poised near her belt. He closed in on her purposefully and she waited till he had come within arm’s length, when suddenly her own arms flashed and Marron found himself facing two large knives. For a moment, he leaned backward and then he laughed. â€Å"The little lady has two knives-knives like the big boys have. And I’ve only got one. But that’s fair enough.† His knife was swiftly out. â€Å"I hate to have to cut you, little lady, because it will be more fun for both of us if I don’t. Maybe I can just knock them out of your hands, huh?† Dors said, â€Å"I don’t want to kill you. I’ll do all I can to avoid doing so. Just the same, I call on all to witness, that if I do kill you, it is to protect my friend, as I am honor-bound to do.† Marron pretended to be terrified. â€Å"Oh, please don’t kill me, little lady.† Then he burst into laughter and was joined by the other Dahlites present. Marron lunged with his knife, quite wide of the mark. He tried it again, then a third time, but Dors never budged. She made no attempt to fend off any motion that was not truly aimed at her. Marron’s expression darkened. He was trying to make her respond with panic, but he was only making himself seem ineffectual. The next lunge was directly at her and Dors’s left-hand blade moved flashingly and caught his with a force that pushed his arm aside. Her right-hand blade flashed inward and made a diagonal slit in his T-shirt. A thin bloody line smeared the dark-haired skin beneath. Marron looked down at himself in shock as the onlookers gasped in surprise. Seldon felt the grip on him weaken slightly as the two who held him were distracted by a duel not going quite as they had expected. He tensed himself. Now Marron lunged again and this time his left hand shot outward to enclose Dors’s right wrist. Again Dors’s left-hand blade caught his knife and held it motionless, while her right hand twisted agilely and drew downward, even as Marron’s left hand closed upon it. It closed on nothing but the blade and when he opened his hand there was a bloody line down the palm. Dors sprang back and Marron, aware of the blood on his chest and hand, roared out chokingly, â€Å"Someone toss me another knife!† There was hesitation and then one of the onlookers tossed his own knife underhanded. Marron reached for it, but Dors was quicker. Her right-hand blade struck the thrown knife and sent it flying backward, whirling as it went. Seldon felt the grips on his arms weaken further. He lifted them suddenly, pushing up and forward, and was free. His two captors turned toward him with a sudden shout, but he quickly kneed one in the groin and elbowed the other in the solar plexus and both went down. He knelt to draw the knives of each and rose as double-armed as Dors. Unlike Dors, Seldon did not know how to handle the blades, but he knew the Dahlites would scarcely be aware of that. Dors said, â€Å"Just keep them off, Hari. Don’t attack yet.-Marron, my next stroke will not be a scratch.† Marron, totally enraged, roared incoherently and charged blindly, attempting by sheer kinetic energy to overwhelm his opponent. Dors, dipping and sidestepping, ducked under his right arm, kicked her foot against his right ankle, and down he crashed, his knife flying. She then knelt, placed one blade against the back of his neck and the other against his throat, and said, â€Å"Yield!† With another yell, Marron struck out against her with one arm, pushed her to one side, then scrambled to his feet. He had not yet stood up completely when she was upon him, one knife slashing downward and hacking away a section of his mustache. This time he yowled like a large animal in agony, clapping his hand to his face. When he drew it away, it was dripping blood. Dors shouted, â€Å"It won’t grow again, Marron. Some of the lip went with it. Attack once more and you’re dead meat.† She waited, but Marron had had enough. He stumbled away, moaning, leaving a trail of blood. Dors turned toward the others. The two that Seldon had knocked down were still lying there, unarmed and not anxious to get up. She bent down, cut their belts with one of her knives and then slit their trousers. â€Å"This way, you’ll have to hold your pants up when you walk,† she said. She stared at the seven men still on their feet, who were watching her with awestruck fascination. â€Å"And which of you threw the knife?† There was silence. She said, â€Å"It doesn’t matter to me. Come one at a time or all together, but each time I slash, someone dies.† And with one accord, the seven turned and scurried away. Dors lifted her eyebrows and said to Seldon, â€Å"This time, at least, Hummin can’t complain that I failed to protect you.† Seldon said, â€Å"I still can’t believe what I saw. I didn’t know you could do anything like that-or talk like that either.† Dors merely smiled. â€Å"You have your talents too. We make a good pair. Here, retract your knife blades and put them into your pouch. I think the news will spread with enormous speed and we can get out of Billibotton without fear of being stopped.† She was quite right. How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton, Essay examples

Poland free essay sample

â€Å"You ready to go† asks my wrestling coach. I think do I have everything am I ready for this? I had never been out of the country before but here I go, in 8th grade and traveling to Poland to compete on the international level. I made the world team at 116lbs. and a it’s a week before and I still weigh 123lbs. How can I make weight? We finally arrive in Poland after what seems days on the plane and we start the 3 hour car ride to our competition site. Its three team mates and myself, alone with our polish driver. He doesn’t even speak English. We stop many times with the other van nowhere in sight one of the wrestlers starts getting worried were in trouble but we calm him down and tell him there’s nothing to worry about. After an hour we finally arrive at our hotel. We will write a custom essay sample on Poland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They give us a skeleton key for our room. â€Å"What’s that for haha?†, â€Å"such a nice hotel right guys?† just a few comments made about our hotel. The day of weigh inns comes and I’ve cut all 7lbs to make weight. Although this week hasn’t been easy I have been adapting to life in Poland like warm milk not understanding anyone and no one understanding me. But there’s no time for worrying I need to compete. The tournament is going well and I make the finals for the next day. After getting back to our hotel I’m walking back to my room when I’m grabbed by four polish boys who are trying to get me into their room. As they get me in one of my teammates sees and rushes to help me after yelling for more help the rest of my team is there getting me free, one kid goes for our coach. After hours of dealing with authorities I can finally go to bed I have to wrestle tomorrow. I get a few hours of sleep and have to start getting ready for my match. Tired, in culture shock, and having a rough night I walk out onto the mat and the match begins. Three minutes and 27 seconds later. My hand is raised I won both periods and didn’t give up a point the entire tournament. It was like a dream come true I wrestled on the international level and won. But not only did I win my team also won I couldn’t have been happier I called my dad to let him know how I did and it was right after he got married to my step mom. I could hear all the people at the wedding yelling good job to me, and I couldn’t wait to get home to show off my awards. To many people this story is amazing and they love hearing it. I chose to tell this one because I feel it really shows a lot about me like I’m dedicated to what I do, or that I don’t back down from challenges I find a way to do them, I don’t crumble under pressure or diversity, And even in hard times and new experiences I can make the best of it.